Tanzania's general elections on 29 October will reveal the extent of the country's democratic decline and expose weaknesses in international and regional observation missions.
Domestic observers may increase transparency and public awareness, despite potentially not improving the quality of polls.
Government clampdowns and citizen disillusionment have dampened interest and engagement in the electoral process.
Recent weeks have seen increased state repression, abductions, and enforced disappearances of government critics, likely resulting in low voter turnout.
Author's summary: Election observers may be the last line of defence for Tanzania's polls.